Cardiovascular ageing is a progressive process that impacts the heart and the vascular system, leading to significant implications during anesthesia....

Pain management in the elderly poses unique challenges due to age-related changes in the central nervous system (CNS). These include...

Heat and Moisture Exchange Filters (HMEFs) are critical in maintaining the physiological conditions of inspired gases during anesthesia and mechanical...

Humidity is crucial in anesthesia, affecting patient comfort, respiratory function, and physiological well-being during surgery. Managing humidity levels during anesthesia...

In this section, we’re diving into how anesthesia drugs manage nerve cell activity to keep the body in a safe,...

Understanding neuronal electrical activity is critical for anesthesiologists, particularly in how anesthetic agents influence cellular and systemic functions. Here, we...

Order of Elements in the Vancouver Style Citation: Authors: For up to six authors, list all authors’ last names and...

Flow-metabolism coupling is a vital physiological mechanism that regulates the brain’s blood flow according to its metabolic demands. This ensures...

Introduction Lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution is one of the most commonly used balanced crystalloids for fluid resuscitation, particularly in critical...

Venous return is a fundamental aspect of cardiovascular physiology, directly influencing cardiac output and hemodynamic stability, both critical to patient...