Introduction The menstrual cycle is a complex interplay of hormonal fluctuations that influences various physiological and psychological processes in women....

An ever-evolving area of research, gender variations in anaesthesia have important consequences for individualised anaesthetic treatment. Distinct differences exist between...

The aging process brings profound physiological changes that significantly impact the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs used in anesthesia. Alterations...

Anesthetic dosing is a cornerstone of safe and effective anesthesia management. The interplay between body composition and pharmacokinetics demands a...

Masseter muscle necrosis is a rare but significant complication during neurosurgical procedures involving motor-evoked potential (MEP) monitoring. For anesthesiologists, understanding...

Hidden blood loss (HBL) is a significant yet often overlooked concern in elderly patients with hip fractures. Defined as blood...

Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is a key indicator of arterial stiffness and a vital parameter in assessing cardiovascular health. Its...

Cardiovascular ageing is a progressive process that impacts the heart and the vascular system, leading to significant implications during anesthesia....

Pain management in the elderly poses unique challenges due to age-related changes in the central nervous system (CNS). These include...

Heat and Moisture Exchange Filters (HMEFs) are critical in maintaining the physiological conditions of inspired gases during anesthesia and mechanical...