Cardiovascular ageing is a progressive process that impacts the heart and the vascular system...

Pain management in the elderly poses unique challenges due to age-related changes in the central...

Heat and Moisture Exchange Filters (HMEFs) are critical in maintaining the physiological conditions...

Humidity is crucial in anesthesia, affecting patient comfort, respiratory function, and...

In this section, we’re diving into how anesthesia drugs manage nerve cell activity to keep the body...

Understanding neuronal electrical activity is critical for anesthesiologists, particularly in how...

Flow-metabolism coupling is a vital physiological mechanism that regulates the brain’s blood flow...

Introduction Lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution is one of the most commonly used balanced crystalloids...

Venous return is a fundamental aspect of cardiovascular physiology, directly influencing cardiac...