Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid agonist that belongs to the phenylpiperidine derivative class of drugs. It is structurally related to meperidine and is known for its remarkable potency, being 75 to 125 times more potent than morphine. Fentanyl was first synthesized in 1960 by Janssen Pharmaceutica and is commonly available as its citrate salt … Read more
Introduction Morphine, named after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, is a prototype opioid agonist with potent analgesic properties. This article explores the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and side effects of morphine. Table 1: Effects of Morphine in Humans Effect Description Analgesia Relief from pain Euphoria A sense of well-being and happiness Sedation Induces drowsiness Diminished Concentration … Read more
Characteristic Fentanyl Alfentanil Sufentanil Remifentanil Analgesic Potency Potent, reference opioid Less potent Highly potent Similar to Fentanyl Duration of Action Moderate (1-2 hours) Short (10-15 minutes) Prolonged (2-4 hours) Very short (3-10 minutes) Onset of Action Rapid (1-2 minutes) Rapid (1-2 minutes) Rapid (1-2 minutes) Rapid (1-2 minutes) Dosage per kg (IV) 1-2 mcg/kg 5-20 … Read more
IntroductionThe use of opioids in anesthesia has a rich and intricate history that has evolved over the centuries. This article provides a chronological overview of the development of opioids in anesthesia, highlighting key milestones and their impact on medical practice, including the groundbreaking contributions of Dr. Paul Janssen. Early History Opioids in Ancient Times Opioids … Read more
Introduction In the ever-evolving field of anesthesiology, innovation continually transforms patient care, offering safer, more efficient, and more effective solutions. Calabadion, a groundbreaking class of molecules, represents one such innovation that has the potential to revolutionize the practice of anesthesia. In this comprehensive article, we will explore the world of Calabadion, its development, mechanisms of … Read more
Introduction Pharmacodynamics, the study of how drugs exert their effects on the body, is a fundamental discipline within anesthesia pharmacology. Anesthesiologists rely heavily on understanding drug-receptor interactions to administer medications safely and effectively during surgical procedures. In this article, we explore the essential concepts of pharmacodynamics within the realm of anesthesia pharmacology, highlighting specific receptors … Read more
Introduction Anesthesiologists are essential healthcare professionals responsible for administering anesthesia during surgical procedures and monitoring patients’ well-being throughout the process. Their primary role is to induce and maintain anesthesia safely, and part of this responsibility includes being prepared to counteract any adverse effects or complications that may arise during anesthesia administration. While the traditional concept … Read more
The history of premedication in anesthesia is a captivating journey through time, reflecting the ever-changing landscape of medical science and surgical practice. Premedication, often described as the administration of drugs before anesthesia, has been shaped by diverse reasons and evolving purposes. Its story intertwines with the development of anesthetic agents, the availability of new drugs, … Read more
Hiccups, medically known as singultus, are typically regarded as minor annoyances in our daily lives. However, when they occur during medical procedures under anesthesia, they can present challenges for both patients and healthcare providers. In this article, we will delve into the definition of hiccups, their causes under anesthesia, the reflex pathway responsible for hiccups, … Read more
